Prospek Gaharu

• Penyemaian Benih. Terdapat 200 spesis pelbagai pokok Herba dan balak dengan lebih 40,000 anak pokok. Pembekal anak pokok seperti tongkat ali, karas (gaharu), sentang, jati emas, kenerak, kacip fatimah, mas cotek, nilam dan banyak lagi. Anak pokok karas kami adalah daripada semaian benih (biji).

• Gaharu mendapat pasaran yang agak luas dengan harga yang tinggi. Tanpa penanaman secara ladang, industri gaharu di Malaysia akan merosot tanpa bekalan yang konsisten dimasa akan datang.
•
• Komponen Minyak Gaharu
• Kandungan kimia yang terdapat dalam gaharu merupakan komponen-komponen yang terdiri daripada sesquiterpenes, sesquiter-pene alcohol, kompoun oxygenated dan chromone. Selain itu, ia juga terdiri daripada komponen-komponen agarospiral, jinkohol-eramol, jinkool yang menghasilkan aroma gaharu.
• Penggunaan kayu karas dalam industri perkayuaan di mana kayunya digunakan dalam industri pembuatan kotak pembungkus, papan lapis, cenderamata, perabot, kasut wanita, sarung senjata, chopstick dan lain-lain. Manakala kegunaaan gaharu banyak kepada upacara keagamaan Cina, Unanai, Ayurvedic dan upacara kaum di Tibet. Ia digunakan sebagai pengharum rumah di Timur Tengah manakala di Papua New Guinea menggunakannya sebagai ubat-ubatan tradisional oleh masyarakatnya. Di masa sekarang ia turut digunakan sebagai bahan wangian dan kosmetik.

Ciri-Ciri Spesis Aquilaria
NAMA SAINTIFIK NEGERI / KAWASAN TABURAN SEMULAJADI CIRI-CIRI
1. Aquilaria Hirta Sepanjang Pantai timur, Terengganu, Pahang dan Johor Pokok Kecil dalam lingkungan 15m tinggi, permukaan bawah daun berbulu, daun berbentuk ovate oblong.
2. Aquilaria Beccariana Kebanyakkan tumbuh di bahagian selatan (Johor) Pokok sederhana dalam lingkungan 20m, urat kedua daun lebih jelas, daun berwarna kelabu tidak berkilat.
3. Aquilaria Rostrata Pahang (G. Tahan), habitat gunung. Urat kedua daun tidak jelas.
4. Aquilaria Malaccencis Terdapat di seluruh Semenanjung Malaysia, Sabah & Sarawak kecuali kedah dan perils. Permukaan daun berkilat, runcing dan bujur
5. Aquilaria Microcarpa Johor dan kawasan bakau Pokok besar dalam lingkungan 36m, buah kecil berbentuk hati.
•
• PENGURUSAN TANAMAN POKOK KARAS
• Pokok Karas sesuai ditanam di antara kawasan dataran rendah hingga ke pergunungan pada ketinggian 0 – 750 meter dari paras laut dengan purata taburan hujan kurang dari 2000cm. Suhu yang sesuai adalah antara 27°C hingga 32°C dengan kadar cahaya matahari sebanyak 70%. Kesesuaian tanah adalah jenis lembut dan liat berpasir dengan pH tanah antara 4.0 hingga 6.0.
• Biji benih yang berkualiti amat penting untuk tujuan pembenihan, selalunya pembenihan di lakukan oleh nurseri untuk menjamin bekalan benih tanaman dalam volume yang besar dan berkekalan. Buah karas dari jenis Aquilaria Malaccencis adalah berbentuk kapsul, 3.5 cm hingga 5 cm panjang, ovoid dan berwarna coklat. Kulitnya agak keras dan berbaldu. Mengandungi 3 hingga 4 biji benih bagi setiap buah.
• Penanaman boleh dilakukan di tanah-tanah persedirian, tanah terbiar, hutan simpan atau tanah kerajaan negeri melalui permohonan. Ia juga boleh ditanam di ladang kelapa sawit, ladang kopi dan kebun di bawah pokok-pokok yang lain yang berumur antara 5 – 8 tahun. Teknik tanaman secara sistem selang atau intergrasi dengan 2 atau lebih tanaman juga boleh dilakukan. Teknik dari pendekatan Agroforestry, Inter-row planting dan Hedge planting juga boleh dilakukan.
• Teknik menanam adalah dengan menggali lubang dalam jarak ukuran 6 kaki x 6 kaki, 10 kaki x 10 kaki, 10 kaki x 15 kaki dan sebagainya. Ia bergantung kepada teknik tanaman secara selang, intergrasi atau sebagainya. Anak pokok dikeluarkan dari politena bag dan dimasukkan ke dalam lubang yang digali dengan keluasan diameter dan kedalaman 0.5 meter. Tanah dipermukaan dipadatkan dengan tangan untuk memastikan akar bersentuhan rapat dengan tanah dan elakkan pengaliran air di permukaan (surface water). Kadar pembajaan tidak boleh melebihi 100 gm bagi tiap-tiap lubang iaitu dengan kadar baja NPK 15:15:15 sebayak 40 – 50 gm dan TSP sebanyak 40 – 50 gm semasa proses penanaman.
• Pokok-pokok karas yang ditanam perlu dibersihkan dari gangguan pokok lain sekitar 50 cm untuk mengelakkan persaingan hidup. Kerja –kerja ini dilakukan dalam 2 – 3 kali setahun sehingga pokok berusia 5 tahun. Pengemburan 2 kali setahun adalah amat baik untuk memberi oksigen ke dalam tanah untuk melancarkan penyerapan makanan oleh pokok.

Gaharu/ Agarwood

PENGENALAN POKOK GAHARU (AGARWOOD/AQUILARIA SP)
Pokok gaharu juga di kenali sebagai Agarwood adalah dari genus Aquilaria.
Kandungan bahan kimia yang terdapat dalam gaharu adlah resin atau alkaloid seperti sesquiterpenes, sesquiter-pene alcohol, kompoun oxygenated dan chromone, agarospiral, jinkohol-eramol dan jinkool yang menghasilkan aroma wangi gaharu.
Kayu pokok gaharu agak lembut dan digunakan dalam industri kotak pembungkus, papan lapis, cenderamata, perabot, kasut wanita, chopstick dan lain-lain.
Manakala minyak gaharu pula diguna untuk upacara keagamaan Cina, Unanai, Ayurvedic dan Tibet serta digunakan sebagai pengharum rumah di Timur Tengah. Di Papua New Guinea sebagai ubat-ubatan tradisional.
Sekarang gaharu banyak digukan sebagai bahan wangian dan kosmetik

TABURAN POKOK GAHARU (MALAYSIA)

1. Aquilaria Hirta Pantai Timur Malaysia
2. Aquilaria Beccariana Selatan Malaysia
3. Aquilaria Rostrata Tengah
4. Aquilaria Malaccencis Seluruh Malaysia
5. Aquilaria Microcarpa Selatan Malaysia

TABURAN POKOK GAHARU (ASIA)

1. AQUILARIA SUBINTEGRA Thailand
2. AQUILARIA CRASSNA Thailand, Cambodia, Loas, Vietnam
3. AQUILARIA MALACCENSIS Thailand, India, Indonesia, Malaysia
4. AQUILARIA APICULATA Philippines
5. AQUILARIA BAILLONIL Thailand, Combodia, Loas, Vietnam
6. AQUILARIA BANEONSIS Vietnam
7. AQUILARIA BECCARIAN Indonesia, Malaysia
8. AQUILARIA BRACHYANTHA Malaysia
9. AQUILARIA CUMINGIANA Indonesia, Philippines
10.AQUILARIA FILARIA Nuegini, China
11.AQUILARIA GRANDIFLORA China
12.AQUILARIA HILATA Indonesia, Malaysia
13.AQUILARIA KHASIANA India
14.AQUILARIA MICROCAPA Indonesia, Malaysia
15.AQUILARIA ROSTRATA Malaysia
16.AQUILARIA SINENSIS China

KEPERLUAN IKLIM
1. Ketinggian 0 – 1000meter dari paras laut
2. Hujan 1000-2000cm
3. Suhu 26°C - 31°
4. Cahaya matahari > 50%
5. Tanah - liat atau berpasir banyak tidak sesuai
6. pH tanah antara 5.0 hingga 7.0.

CARA TANAMAN
1. Sendirian – jarak minima 8 x 8 kaki.
2. Intergrasi - Ditanam diantara pokok di kebun getah
Aquilaria

• Pokok spesies Aquilaria mempunyai anatomi yang luar biasa dan kandungan sel tumbuhan yang khusus di dalam Xylem yang bertindak untuk menghasilkan " Damar " (Resin).
• " Damar " yang terhasil secara mendadak dan dramatik akan menigkatkan berat dan ketumpatan kayu Gaharu yang terlibat.
• " Damar " mengandungi terpenes aromatic dan spesifikasi kimia lain yang menyumbangkan kepada bau aroma Gaharu yang unik.
• Kandungan yang terdapat dalam gaharu merupakan komponen-komponen yang terdiri daripada sesquiterpenes, sesquiter-pene alkohol, kompaun oxygeneted dan chromone. Selain itu, ia juga terdiri daripada komponen-komponen agarospiral, jinkohol-eramol, jinkool yang menghasilkan aroma/bau-bauan yang sangat wangi tanpa tambahan alkohol.
• Daripada 18 spesies keluarga thymelaeaceae taxonomy, hanya 8 spesies sahaja yang telah dikenalpasti menghasilkan " Damar " (Resin) iaitu agar, gaharu.
• Damar yang berkualiti tinggi terhasil daripada tindakbalas semulajadi pokok terhadap serangan fungi. Pembentukan " Damar " berlaku di teras dan akar pokok Aquilaria. Warna kayu yang menghasilkan Gaharu akan berubah daripada warna coklat pudar kepada warna coklat dan/atau hitam yang gelap.
• Pokok Aquilaria menghasilkan kadar " Damar " yang tinggi di kawasan tanah yang mengandungi komposisi organik yang mudah meruap dimana komposisi tanah itu membantu dalam menumpaskan dan/atau melambatkan pertumbuhan fungus.
• Kaedah pertanian moden melibatkanrawatan mekanikal danteknik peransang damar. Kaedah ini terbukti dapat menghasilkan jumlah " Damar " yang banyak terhadap pokok Gaharu yang masih muda.

Rawatan Mekanikal
• Kaedah rawatan mekanikal melalui proses penebukan lubang secara bersistematik adalah bertujuan untuk "mencederakan" pokok Aquilaria, Pada masa yang sama rawatan yang khas diberikan kepada pokok Aquilaria untuk meningkatkan keupayaan tindak balas semulajadi pokok bagi menghasilkan " Damar Gaharu ".
Teknik Peransang Damar
• Di dalam hutan semulajadi di Malaysia, hanya 7% pokok Gaharu yang dijangkiti Fungus ( endotrophic mycorrhizal fungi )menghasilkan damar.
• Di dalam kaedah pertanian Gaharu secara moden, selepas berumur 5 tahun, pokok Aquilaria akan melalui proses teknik peransang damar dimana serum ERIBS yang disuntik kepada pokok Gaharu akan menghasilkan enzim sel yang bertindak untuk memecahkan sel-sel yang berada di kawasan sel Xylem pokok. Tujuan teknik peransang damar ini adalah untuk menaikkan kadar pertahanan semulajadi pokok Gaharu terhadap ancaman serangan luar sambil menghasilkan damar.
• Kawasan pertanian Gaharu mestilah mempunyai kadar kelembapan yang tinggi supaya proses peransang damar boleh berjalan dengan lancar.

Gaharu Subintegra

The "Black Gold" from the forest
To improve seeds viability
• We supply quality Aquilaria Subintegra/Malacensis/Crassna seedlings.
• Mass production of young Aquilaria Subintegra saplings. (2-4 ft).
Agarwood/Gaharu Farming Management
Basic overview
• Land plot: Better Agarwood/Gaharu quality at steep areas up to 45 degree i.e 0-700m from sea level.
• Rainfall : Better Agarwood/Gaharu quality at the land plot receiving more than 2000mm rainfall per year.
• Temperature : Best quality Agarwood/Gaharu producing trees grow at low temperature i.e humidity is high, (24ºC -32ºC ) with a 70% rate of sunshine.
• Soil : Best quality of Agarwood/Gaharu trees grow at specific soil, 4-6 PH, loamy soil, soft sandy clay like soil, deep and stony.
Modern Cultivation Technique
1. Mechanical treatmentby systematic wounding method.
2. Inducement of super agar resin formation through application of special concoction of inoculum known as Effective Resin Inducement Biotechnology Serum (ERIBS).
Mechanical treatment
Systematic woundingtechnique
• A properly managed 5years old Aquilaria Subintegra tree can grow up to 30ft in height and25inch in circumference.
• Relatively about 500holes can be made with an electrical drill machine, 5 inches deep and separation column of 4x4inches can be drilled at 5 years old Aquilaria subintegra.
• The "hole"made by this technique is pointed at relatively steep angle upwards to preserve the humidityfactor.
Inducement
• ERIB Serum will be innoculated into the holes. This technique accelerates the natural defense responses of the Aquilaria trees.Thus forming the Exotic Fragrant Agar Resin in the trees.

o Most Agarwood/Gaharu growers will choose to use this Effective Resin Inducement Biotechnology Serum simply because it is superior to any other Agarwood/Gaharu inducement technique. More agar resin is formed in a shorter period and at a lower cost.
• In natural forest, the Aquilaria trees at the age of 20-40 years produce agar resin formation as a natural response to wounds or infection by the forest endotrophic mycorrhizal fungi.
• A formation of Fragrant Agar resin will be produced 8- 20 months after the ERIBS inducement technique.

• Case study; Inducement technique carried out on 7 years old Aquilaria Subintegra tree in Thailand has fetched a whopping RM30,000 per kg.

History & Formation

History
The odour of agarwood is complex and pleasing, with few or no similar natural analogues. As a result, agarwood and its essential oil gained great cultural and religious significance in ancient civilizations around the world. In as early as the 3rd century, the chronicle Nan zhou yi wu zhi (Strange things from the South) written by Wa Zhen of the Eastern Wu Dynasty mentioned agarwood produced in the Rinan commandery, now Central Vietnam, and how people collected it in the mountains.
Starting in 1580 after Nguyen Hoang took control over the central provinces of modern Vietnam, he encouraged trade with other countries, specifically China and Japan. Agarwood was exported in three varieties: Calambac (Khi Nam in Vietnamese), Tram Huong (very similar but slightly harder and slightly less rare), and agarwood proper. A pound of Calambac bought in Hoi An for 15 taels could be sold in Nagasaki for 600 taels. The Nguyen Lords soon established a Royal Monopoly over the sale of Calambac. This monopoly helped fund the Nguyen state finances during the early years of the Nguyen rule.[3]
Etymology
Agarwood is known under many names in different cultures:
• It is known as Chén-xīang (沉香) in Chinese and Jin-koh (沈香) in Japanese, both meaning "sinking incense" and alluding to its high density.
• Both agarwood and its resin distillate/extracts are known as Oud in Arabic (literally wood) and used to describe agarwood in nations and areas of Islamic faith. Western perfumers may also use agarwood essential oil under the name "oud" or "oude".
• In Europe it was referred to as Lignum aquila (eagle-wood) or Agilawood, because of the similarity in sound of agila to gaharu
• Another name is Lignum aloes or Aloeswood. This is potentially confusing, since a genus Aloe exists (unrelated), which has medicinal uses, . However, the Aloes of the Old Testament (Num. 24:6; Ps. 45:8; Prov. 7:17; and Cant. 4:14) and of the Hebrew Bible (ahalim in Hebrew) are believed to be agarwood from Aquilaria malaccensis.
• The Indonesian and Malay name is "gaharu"or karas
• In New Guinea it is called "ghara".
• In Vietnamese, it is known as trầm hương.[4]
• In Hindi (India), it is known as "agar".
• In Laos it is known as "Mai Ketsana".

Formation
There are fifteen species in of the Aquilaria genus and eight are known to produce agarwood.[5] In theory agarwood can be produced from all members; however, until recently it was primarily produced from A. malaccensis. A. agallocha and A. secundaria are synonyms for A. malaccensis.[1] A. crassna and A. sinensis are the other two members of the genus that are usually harvested.
Formation of agarwood occurs in the trunk and roots of trees that have been infected by a parasitc ascomycetous mould, Phaeoacremonium parasitica[6], a dematiaceous (dark-walled) fungus. As a response, the tree produces a resin high in volatile organic compounds that aids in suppressing or retarding the fungal growth. While the unaffected wood of the tree is relatively light in colour, the resin dramatically increases the mass and density of the affected wood, changing its colour from a pale beige to dark brown or black. In natural forest only about 7% of the trees are infected by the fungus. A common method in artificial forestry is to inoculate all the trees with the fungus.
High quality resin comes from a tree's natural immune response to a fungal attack. It is commonly known as agarwood #1 (first quality). An inferior resin is created using forced methods where aquilaria trees are deliberately wounded, leaving them more susceptible to a fungal attack. This is commonly called agarwood #2.

INTRODUCTON GAHARU OR AGARWOOD

Gaharu (Malay word for agar wood) is the most expensive

wood in the world. It is valued in many cultures for its
distinctive fragrance, and used extensively in incense
and perfumes. Gaharu is the occasional product of two to
four genera in the family Thymelaeaceae, with Aquilaria
agallocha, Aquilaria crassna and Aquilaria malaccensis
being the three best known species. The name of the
species is derived from the latin word “aquila” meaning
eagle. Gaharu is known throughout many Asian countries
and at least 15 species of Aquilaria trees are known to
produce the much sought-after agar wood. The valuable
wood has been traded for thousands of years throughout
Asia. It used to be commonly found in many tropical
countries, from India to Indonesia (Angela Barden et. al.,
2000).
A. malaccensis has been trial planted by the Sabah
Forestry Department in experimental plots at Sook,
Keningau, Segaluid Lokan and Sungai Daling, Sandakan
and thus, this report shall focus on A. malaccensis. The
earliest planting is at Sook which was planted in 1990 with
seeds collected locally from various forest reserves.
Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk
Aquilaria malaccensis, also known as Agallochum (trade
name), belongs to the Thymelaeaceae family. It occurs
from north-eastern India through Myanmar to Peninsular
The Potential of Gaharu as a Plantation Species
Malaysia, Sumatra, Bangka, Borneo and the Philippines.
The tree can grow up to 40 meters in height and reach a
diameter of 60 cm. The tree usually grows straight, but is
sometimes fluted or with thick (10 cm) buttresses up to 2
meters high. A. malaccensis is commonly found in primary
and secondary forests, mainly in plains but also on hillsides
and ridges up to 750 meters altitude. A. malaccensis yields
a soft, lightweight hardwood with a density of about 400
kg/m3 air dry (Chakrabarty et. al., 1994)
Silvicultural Requirement
A. malaccensis grows best in undulating terrain from
200-700 meters, with an annual rainfall of 1500-6500
mm, a mean annual maximum temperature of 22-280C
and a mean annual minimum temperature of 14-21oC. A.
malaccensis prefers heavy soils developed from gneiss
and other metamorphic rocks, but it also grows well on
sandy loams developed from sandstone. A. malaccensis
is propagated by seed. Fruits harvested for seeds should
be collected when mature but still green. Fruits are
dried in the shade for about 2 days. They then burst and
release the seed. Seeds should be sown immediately,
as it remains viable for only about 1 month. Germination
starts after 10-12 days and is normally complete after 1
month. Seedlings are pricked out into polythene bags 40-
45 days after germination when they are 3-5 cm tall, and
are kept under shade. They are ready for transplanting
when 30-35 cm tall and 10-12 months old (Mabberley, D J,
1997). Transplanting bare rooted seedlings has been tried
successfully in Malaysia.
Field Performance of Locally Grown A. malaccensis
A. malaccensis planted at plot no. 90A Sook reveals a
mean diameter of 19.94 cm and a mean total height of
13.58 meters at the age of 17 years old, representing an
MAI diameter of 1.25 cm per year and an MAI total height
of 0.85 meter per year.
Oyen L P A and Nguyen X D (1999) reported that, in a
plantation in Malaysia, 67 year old trees of A. malaccensis
reached an average height of 27 meters and a diameter of
38 cm. However it was not reported where in Malaysia the
trees were planted!
Formation of Gaharu
Gaharu or agar wood formation is a pathological process
taking place in the stem or main branches where an injury
has occurred. Fungi are involved in the process, but the
process itself is not yet fully understood. Damage by
boring insects is often associated with the infection. It is
believed that the tree is first attacked by a pathogenic
fungus, which causes it to weaken. Infection by a second
fungus causes the formation of agar wood, but it is unclear
whether it is a product of the fungus or the tree. The fungus
implicated in the formation of agar wood in A. malaccensis
is Cytosphaera mangiferae, while Melantos flavolives is
assumed to play a similar role in A. sinensis. A. malaccensis
forms an association with endotrophic mycorrhizal fungi.
In natural forests, only 7-10% of the trees are infected by
the fungus (Ng. et al, 1997). A common method in artificial
forestry is to inoculate the trees with the fungus.
A 17-year old Aquilaria malaccensis at Sook with a DBH of
31.1 cm and height of 19 meters. Photo by Julius Kodoh.
165
Uses
Agar wood is the rare and famous, resin containing
heartwood produced from old and diseased trees of several
Aquilaria species of which A. malaccensis, A. crassna and
A. sinensis are most important. The fragrance produced
by the burning agar wood has been highly valued for
thousands of years, and its use as incense for ceremonial
purposes in Buddhism, Confucianism and Hinduism is
widespread throughout eastern and southern Asia. The
wood is only partly saturated with resin but still fragrant,
and occasionally, the wood remaining after distillation, is
made into sticks called ‘joss sticks’ or ‘agarbattis’ which
are burnt as incense. Agar wood oil is an essential oil
obtained by water and steam distillation of agar wood,
which is used in luxury perfumery. The incense is also
used as an insect repellent and for medicines. The timber
of undiseased trees, known as ‘karas’, is very light and is
only suitable for making boxes, light indoor construction
and veneer [Angela Barden et al (2000)].
Market
Agar wood has become a precious commodity. According
to Angela Burden et al (2000), based on available trade
data, Indonesia and Malaysia appear to be the main
sources of agarwood (from all species) in international
trade. CITES reported that exports of A. malaccensis from
Indonesia topped 920 t from 1995 to 1997, although CITES
argue that it might include other species of Aquilaria. Over
340 t of A. malaccensis were reported as exported from
Peninsular Malaysia during the same period. Angela
Burden et al (2000) also reported that according to
Sarawak’s CITES Management Authority, nearly 530 t
of A malaccensis were exported from Sarawak alone in
1998. Although overall trade volume may appear small in
“timber trade” terms, but they are not small in monetary
terms. Most of agarwood in international trade is destined
for consumers in the Far and Middle East, with key final
export destinations from 1995 to 1997 being Saudi Arabia,
the United Arab Emirates, Hong Kong and Taiwan.
Chakrabarty et al (1994) stated that the lowest grade
of Malaysian agarwood (not necessarily A. malaccensis)
could be obtained for USD19/kg in the Middle East. The
high grades, normally reserved for exclusive buyers, can
cost up to USD9589/kg. More expensive grades are also
available and can sell for as much as USD27400/kg.
The A. malaccensis tree is comparative to gold and is
becoming very rare in the wild due to illegal extraction.
Thus, the species has been CITES listed in Appendix II.
The listing subjects the species to limited commercial use
and stringent monitoring through a permit system. Under
CITES rules, the Management Authority will issue CITES
Export Permit to exporters of gaharu which originate from
Malaysia, CITES Import Permit to importers of gaharu,
and CITES Re-Export Certificate to traders of this species
which originate from other countries. The Importers are
requested to furnish the CITES Export Permit from the
exporting country before the Management Authority can
issue the CITES Import Permit.
Prospects
The extremely high prices paid for high quality agar wood
and for the essential oil and the indiscriminate felling of
diseased and healthy trees threaten natural stands of
Aquilaria including A. malaccensis to extinction. Research
into possibilities of artificial induction and stimulation of
agar wood formation is therefore urgently required and
may offer high economic returns, especially as trials
indicate that management of plantations presents no
great difficulties. Unless such methods are developed, A.
malaccensis may soon be extinct.
Today, gaharu is becoming more popular in Malaysia.
Projects are currently underway in some countries in
Southeast Asia to infect cultivated Aquilaria trees artificially
to produce gaharu in a sustainable manner. In Malaysia,
various Research Institutions are conducting research and
development on Aquilatria trees. The Forest Research
Centre of the Sabah Forestry Department has recently
undertaken a collaborative project to artificially inoculate
gaharu trees to induce the formation of agarwood in one
of the planted Gaharu plots. What remains to be seen is
the success of this project, but if it proves to be successful,
it will be a breakthrough in terms of its socio-economic
potential as well as in protecting the remaining gaharu
trees available in the wild.
References
Angela Barden, Noorainie Awang Anak, Teresa Mulliken
and Michael Song (2000), Heart Of The Matter: Agarwood
Use And Trade And Cites Implementation For Aquilaria
Malaccensis.@http://www.traffic.org/news/agarwood.pdf.
Chakrabarty K, Kumar A and Menon V (1994), Trade in
Agarwood. Traffic India and WWF-India, New Delhi.
51pp.
Mabberley D J (1997), The Plant Book, The Press
Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, UK, 858pp.
Ng L.T., Chang Y.S. and Kadir A.A. (1997), A Review on
Agar (gaharu) producing Aquilaria species, Journal of
Tropical Forest Products 2(2): 272-285.
Oyen L.P.A and Nguyen Xuan Dung (Editors), 1999. Plant
Resources of South-East Asia No 19. Essential-Oil Plants.
Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Netherland.